Motivation and Emotion

Motivation - need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

• Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
• Drive Reduction Theory: idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
• homeostasis
• Pulled by Incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal; we are driven to satisfy lower level needs first
• Hunger - both physiological and psychological
• hunger does NOT come from our stomachs, it comes from our brain
• hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus:
• lateral - when stimulated it makes you hungry
• ventromedial: when stimulated you feel full
• Two Theories on Hypothalamus:
1. Leptin: a protein produced by bloated fat cells; hypothalamus senses rise in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity
2. Set Point: hypothalamus acts as a thermostat; we are meant to be in a certain weight range; when we fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure (Basic Metabolic Rate)
• Body Chemistry: glucose; hormone insulin converts glucose to fat; when glucose levels drop, hunger increases

Hormone:                                           Tissue:                                         Response:
Orexin Increase                                  Hypothalamus                             Increase hunger
Ghrelin Increase                                 Stomach                                      Increase hunger
Insulin Increase                                  Pancreas                                      Increase hunger
Leptin Increase                                   Fat Cells                                      Decrease hunger
PPY Increase                                      Digestive Tract                            Decrease hunger

• Psychology of Hunger: externals- people whose eating is triggered more by presence of food than internal factors
• Eating Disorders:
• Bulimia Nervosa - characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food)
• Anorexia Nervosa - starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight; see themselves as fat; vast majority are women
• Achievement Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation: rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction
• Extrinsic Motivation: reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades, money, etc.)
• Theory X - manager believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment; think employees are extrinsically motivated; only interested in Maslow's lower needs
• Theory Y - manager believes that employees are internally motivated to do good and policies should encourage this internal motive; interested in Maslow's higher need

Emotion

• James-Lange Theory of Emotion: experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
• we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress
• body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling
• Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger-
• physiological responses
• subjective experience of emotion
• Schachter's Two Factor Theory of Emotion: to experience emotion one must-
• be physically aroused
• cognitively label the arousal
• Lie Detectors
• Polygraph - machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies; measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
• perspiration
• cardiovascular
• breathing changes
• Experience Emotion:
• Catharsis - "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
• Feel-good, Do-good Phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
• Adaption-Level Phenomenon: tendency to form judgments relative to a "neutral" level
• Relative Deprivation: perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself